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Cooper Vs. Terrorism

Col. Jeff Cooper
Col. Jeff Cooper

by Jeff Cooper

So here we are in the “Age of Extortion.” Our local friendly felons have finally discovered what has long been taken for granted in what we used to call “more backward countries”—that crime does pay—in millions. All you need to do is threaten to do something terrible and people will throw money at you. You don’t need any particular talent or skill to get rich this way, and you don’t need education or training. The only requisite is nastiness, and that is no rare quality.

We can speculate at length upon why this foulness has come upon us so strikingly at this point in our history, but I doubt that any incontrovertible conclusion will result. My own suggestion is simply overpopulation. Like rats, we get testier as we get crowded. By simple arithmetic, if the proportion of goblins to people in our society remains constant, doubling our population doubles the number of goblins. And they reinforce each other as their numbers rise.

But such speculation is academic. We have the problem; never mind why. What shall we do about it? In a socialist atmosphere, the immediate response is to hand the problem to the state. Pass a law! Any law. Just so you can say that something has been done. And above all, spend money. We have come to assume that the more money we spend on a problem, the quicker it will go away.

Now it is quite true that the state can indeed abolish extortion, terrorism, and crime. History offers many examples of nations in which none of these things existed. We can start with Senacherib of Assyria and browse on up to Porfirio Diaz of Mexico. An iron fist will do it. That’s the state’s simple and effective answer to disorderly conduct. If you want it arranged so that the state will protect you, you can do so. What you give up in return is your liberty.

No deal.

The man to protect you is you. Not the state, not the agent of the state, and not your hired hand—YOU!

How often is our intelligence insulted by the fatuous claim that we should rely on the police for our physical security! I cannot believe that the people who advance this idea believe it themselves. The police do indeed abort a certain amount of violent crime by their coincidental presence on the scene, and that’s fine. But to tell us that all we have to do is call a cop when confronted by a troll is to talk like a fool—and those who tell us this know it.

The “in” crime today is kidnapping. The police have never prevented a kidnapping. Not once. On the other hand, the intended victim often has. You don’t hear much about these latter episodes, because a crime that does not take place is not newsworthy, but it is my business to know about such things and I keep track of them as best I may, and there have been at least a dozen instances brought to my attention in the last two years.

Hiring other people, public or private, to protect yourself, is perhaps not totally futile, but it must never be considered more than marginally effective. Both policemen and bodyguards can be suborned, and skill levels are problematical.

Pistol skill is not something to count on in a hired hand. Two recent examples stand out because they were caught by television cameras. These were the attempts on Governor Wallace and Imelda Marcos. In each case, guards were plentiful, and armed, but not sufficiently skilled. In each case, there was plenty of time to hit the attacker before he acted, but those responsible reacted only afterward.

On the other hand, the intended victim can seek his own skill level, and he can put it to use more quickly than any other person when he suddenly finds that he himself is a target.

Your best protector is you!

Apart from the skill factor, there is the matter of reliability. A man you hire to protect you can be hired by somebody else not to. It is nerve-wracking to be dogged about by armed men on your daily rounds, and it is also both conspicuous and un-private.

Some years ago, I undertook to train the personal guard of a certain chief of state in pistolcraft. When the course was completed, I was able to address my client thus:

“Your Excellency, 24 of your 28 men are now distinctly more efficient with their sidearms than the generality of those who guard the President of the United States. They are very good, but I don’t know who they are—I hope you do.”

He knew what I meant. One of his predecessors in office had been murdered by one of his own guards. Of my students who previously employed bodyguards, most now do not, except as car watchers.

Your best protector is you!

Still we hear, over and over again, that we should not be armed, that we should not resist, that we should rely on the police for our personal safety—that our best answer to violence is to give up. Such drivel demands a stronger stomach than mine.

One bleeding-heart type asked me in a recent interview if I did not agree that “violence begets violence.” I told him that it is my earnest endeavor to see that it does. I would like very much to ensure—and in some cases I have—that any man who offers violence to his fellow citizen begets a whole lot more in return than he can enjoy.

Your best protector is you!

The obvious way to eradicate crime is to eradicate criminals, but neither the lawgivers nor the constabulary seem inclined to do this. The man who elects to prey upon society deserves no consideration from society. If he survives his act of violence, he rates a fair trial—but only to be sure that there has been no mistake about his identity. If he is killed in the act, there can be little doubt about whose act it was.

But we don’t want a “Porfiriato,” in which the police simply shoot all suspects out of hand. Such a regime may indeed have a certain austere appeal in today’s climate of urban chaos, but to trade one’s liberty for security is to sell one’s soul to the devil, as Ben Franklin noted. And, to quote James Burnham, it is both our lives and our liberties that are at stake.

Laws are not the answer. We have laws against murder. We have laws against kidnapping. We have laws against extortion. And murder, kidnapping, and extortion are on the rise. The answer, it seems to me, is wrath. Let the thug take his chances with an alert, prepared, and angry citizenry. It may very well spoil his whole career.

This is not a call for vigilantism: It is a call for self-reliance. For those who feel short on self-reliance, I have a suggestion. Take up practical pistol shooting as a recreation. It is a good game. It is fun. It is “relevant.” And it does wonders for your self-reliance.

Your best protector is—as it always has been—you!

Concealed Carry and Terrorist Threats

1911 Pistol
1911 Pistol

By Syd

When one of these bad terrorist attacks happen, many people have an interesting response: they sign up for pistol courses to get licensed for concealed carry. The classes fill up quickly and gun shops do a land office business. This was especially true after 9-11, but I’m hearing similar reports following the London attack. I understand the impulse. I live in a medium-sized city. I don’t live in one of those huge front line cities that face a high probability of an attack, yet I find myself feeling glad to have the big .45 and some extra mags on me in these times when it seems like the war is everywhere. Places where I can’t take my gun, I just don’t go.

Gun grabbers and opponents of shall issue concealed carry are fond of pointing out that concealed handguns aren’t a lot of help in stopping suicide bombers. (OK, so what’s your point?) Show me something that has been successful with stopping the suicide bombers. However, experience has shown that armed civilians can help stop terrorist actions. Israel police spokesman Gil Kleiman said, “We’ve seen it time and time again. Armed civilians who are well-trained save people’s lives… If there isn’t a policeman on the scene, civilians can deal immediately with a terrorist situation.” In 2004, Abraham Rabinovich reported in The Washington Times, “Armed civilians have played a significant role in bringing down terrorists during the Palestinian uprising, most recently during an attack this week by a Palestinian gunman at a Tel Aviv restaurant where a wedding party was under way. A 46-year-old civilian packing a pistol fatally shot the terrorist at close range after three persons had been killed and he had been wounded. When a radio reporter asked the man whether he was a member of the security forces, he said he was a shoe salesman.” Imagine that, an ordinary citizen who can use a pistol lawfully and competently to save lives. (“That’s not supposed to happen. Only cops can have guns,” wails the Brady Campaign. “Someone might get hurt,” cries the Violence Policy Center.)

An armed civilian probably wouldn’t be able to stop a suicide bomber, unless an unusual combination of circumstances came together. But with gun attacks and kidnappings, an armed civilian on the scene could make a difference. The Twin Towers might be standing today if a few armed civilians had been on those planes. This begins to get at the true sense of what the founders meant when they talked about an unorganized citizen militia. They weren’t talking about small bands of extremists out in the woods plotting the overthrow of the government and they weren’t talking about the National Guard either. The founders were thinking about ordinary people who equipped themselves and weren’t on the government payroll who could respond to sudden threats when the army and law enforcement weren’t there or lacked the strength to respond effectively. Every time a civilian arms himself or herself, gets some training, and begins to think in terms of providing for the security of their home, their own family and themselves, they’re responding to the idea of the militia that the founders had in mind. It’s a good idea and a rational idea, despite the distortions of the concept we have seen in recent years. I think the need for civilians to take responsibility for their own security will only increase in the years to come. Our armed forces and law enforcement are stretched too thin to provide real security for American citizens (and I’m not sure I would want them to do be doing that even if they could).

Getting back to people signing up for pistol courses, I guess it’s better late than never, but the time to get prepared is now, not when TSHTF. It’s a good thing that people are waking up to the reality that they have to take care of themselves. It’s good that they are abandoning the unrealistic expectation that the great nanny state will solve all of their problems. It can’t and it won’t.

More important than the tactical considerations of what kind of threat a CCW holder might be able to address, is the shift in psychology represented by people being willing to arm themselves in response to terrorist threats. It’s a shift from victim to fighter. It says, “I’m not going to be intimidated. I’m going to fight back.”

Concealed Carry In Hot Weather

By Joe Alves

A major problem in the Southern States and the long hot summers is how to carry concealed while going about their daily business. Portly and heavy persons have even a bigger problem.

Here in Central Florida, it appears that the concealed carry weapon is the 1911 pattern in .45ACP. A big pistol such as that is even harder to conceal yet I have seen dozens of these weapons poorly concealed by people who do not take the time to properly fit the weapon on their person. I have seen many weapons carried on the strong side and concealed with an open-front short sleeve shirt. Unfortunately the weapon grip tends to print when the person happens to lean over a counter or over a restaurant table even when carrying the weapon in an IWB holster such as Milt Spark’s Summer Special.

Carrying in a belt-slide holster may preclude the grip print on some people but the slide and barrel tends to peek out from the bottom of the shirt. Photographer’s vests and fanny packs are too obvious as most people know they hide weapons. Are there solutions? Lets review some possible ones :

Starting with the weapon, it should be as compact as possible and as powerful as possible. Such weapons would include the Colt Light Weight Commander (my personal weapon of choice), the various compact .45ACPs from Kimber and Springfield as well as the compact Glocks and Sigs. Revolvers would include snub nose S&W and Taurus in .357 Magnum as well as their lines of Airweight and Titanium models.

Bottom line is choosing a weapon you shoot well and trust to perform under all condition and after developing muscle memory to present the weapon rapidly in the event of a confrontation. I know all this seems to be common sense to most of us but many people don’t pay attention to these details.

Regarding holsters, there is a plethora of very fine holsters that have given rise to that industry in the past decades and their offering are wide and varied. I believe these fine holster makers can produce a fine conceal carry holster for any pistol or revolver in the market today. For warm weather carry, for example, IWB holsters are a fine choice for full size weapons like the 1911 pattern autos. I carry mine in a classic Sparks Summer Special that I have had for years and many other holsters of that type are also offered by the top holster makers. For carrying a compact auto, one of the best on the market is Mitch Rosen’s belt-slide that is finely moulded to the weapon, tight yet easy to present the weapon. Mitch also offers a treatment for the holster called Leather Lightning. It coats the inside of the holster yet does not leave a residue. Having an open bottom, it will accommodate both the Commander and full size 1911. As an accessory that complements this holster, Mitch offers a carrier that accommodates a spare magazine and a combat light such as the 6Z .

A holster aberration I have seen carrying heavy weapons are those soft nylon “bags” and soft leather ones that fold when the weapon is (finally) withdrawn. It would appear that many people use these weapons to carry concealed as well as to store their weapon at home (?) and I can’t figure that one out. Also they tell me they the retaining strap will keep their weapon safe on their person. Huh?

The last consideration is of course, the belt on which to hang your weapon. I have seen dozens of people wearing attractive slim belts that were designed only to hold up your trousers. They twist and drag the weapon down to an unreachable position on the hip.

In addition to choosing the carry weapon an investment in a good holster and a sturdy double thickness is essential to a proper concealed carry. It is as important as your weapon of choice.

The Big Buggaboo: Here in Florida, about 300,000 people have CCWs but only a small fraction of that number carry on a daily basis. No wonder they haven’t learned how to carry concealed. As to practice with their carry weapon, most people may shoot only during qualification then only once a year, maybe, neglecting the need for proficiency and hoping they will never have to use their weapons when in “harm’s way”. That is really unfortunate.

With the level of crimes committed with firearms, it is a wonder more CCW permit holders are not injured in confrontation. It’s a good thing the bad guys are not adept at handling firearms as well.

I hope all CCW permit holders will take these words to heart and carry daily in a strong rig and practice often to preclude risking their lives when the chips are down.

Visit Joe’s Site, Click Here

Selecting a Holster for Concealed Carry

By Syd

Bianchi Askins Avenger and Belt
Bianchi Askins Avenger and Belt

These days, I often find myself thinking more about holsters than guns. Comfort, accessibility, mode of dress, and anticipated activities are all factors in a complex equation.

The holster and the gun are two components of one self-defense system. Don’t cut corners on a holster. A good holster makes the carry much more comfortable and safer. A good holster will allow you to carry a heavier gun with less discomfort and greater concealment. A properly fitted holster facilitates and contributes to a

"Pancake" Strong-Side Belt Holster
"Pancake" Strong-Side Belt Holster

smooth, fast draw. A fine holster will be thin yet strong. It will shield the trigger but not grab it. The choices in holsters can be bewildering, but if you let your common sense, your mode of dress, and logic guide you, the problem simplifies.

The best draw is from a belt holster on the strong side. The strong side belt holster provides for a faster draw, better retention, and fewer problems than other styles of holsters. In my own opinion, the strong side belt holster is the fastest and most comfortable holster. Their weakness is that they provide very little concealment and you must either wear a shirt with a very long shirt tail out (a look I don’t really like) or you need a long coat. If you normally wear a traditional blazer, the belt holster is no problem. Also, belt holsters of all types tend to pull down on the belt, necessitating a fairly tight cinch-up to keep the weight from dragging the belt and pants down.

"Inside-the-Waistband" (IWB) Holster
"Inside-the-Waistband" (IWB) Holster

If you prefer your shirt tucked in and intend to only wear a short jacket or sweatshirt, the “Inside the Waistband” (IWB) holster is an excellent solution. These holsters ride inside your pants with only straps or a clip being outside the waistband of your pants. Generally this holster is worn just behind the crest of the hip on the strong side. This style provides excellent concealment and holds the gun to you very securely. A short windbreaker or jacket will completely cover this type of holster. The tension of your belt pulls the gun in toward your body, enhancing concealment and rendering retention snaps unnecessary. This style is my second favorite and I use them a lot. The downside of these holsters is that they are not quite as comfortable as the belt holster and tend to be a bit harder on the finish of the gun. The IWB holster also requires that you use a belt that is approximately 2″ longer than you would normally wear.

Shoulder Holster
Shoulder Holster

The shoulder holster is way cool for looks and style. Most of my TV detective heroes used them, but they require that you always wear a coat. They make you reach across your body to draw (OK if you’re sitting in a car, but slower everywhere else), and most shoulder holsters require a thumb break to hold the gun securely. People of large girth may find the draw from a shoulder holster difficult. I have warmed up to shoulder holsters because they do have some special advantages for particular applications. If you spend most of your time riding or driving in a vehicle, the shoulder holster is an excellent option. For long rides, it is more comfortable to have the gun suspended from your shoulders than to have it pressed against your kidney between yourself and the seat. Especially on bumpy roads and in cars with hard suspensions, an IWB will get uncomfortable. Also, seat belts make it difficult to access the gun when it’s in a strong side belt holster, be it a pancake or IWB. With a shoulder holster, the gun is easily accessible while

Pocket Holster
Pocket Holster

seated in a car with a seat belt on. Shoulder holsters usually provide carriers for two spare magazines – two rather than one because the two counterbalance the weight of the gun better. This is more spare ammo than most civilian CCW carriers carry, and it could be an advantage in a bad situation.

Pocket guns and pocket holsters are an important option for concealed carry. I will leave the question of combat effectiveness of pocket guns for another article, but the fact is that many people choose to carry small, compact pistols because of their size and relatively light weight. I do think that it’s important to carry a pocket gun in a holster for two reasons. First, the holster breaks the lines of the gun and enhances conceal-ability. Second, a good pocket holster will cover the trigger of the gun and protect you against the possibility of getting foreign objects into the trigger guard which can cause the gun to go off. The trick with the pocket holster is to find a design which will stay in the pocket when the gun is drawn. This may require a coordination of the holster design with the pockets of the particular clothing you intend to use. While you probably won’t do a whole lot of practice with a pocket holster, it is important to test the draw to make sure that the gun comes out of the holster smoothly without hanging up.

"Small-of-the-Back" Holster
"Small-of-the-Back" Holster

Some styles I’m not too fond include “small of the back” and ankle holsters. The “small of the back” holster has some problems. The draw is dicey and kind of difficult. There is a danger of sweeping the muzzle of the gun in directions you don’t intend to cover. This is an easy holster to disarm. Someone can come up behind you and grab the pistol, and due to its position on your back, it is very difficult to stop them from taking it. Lastly, should you fall on your back, the small of the back holster is a steel bar across your spine that could accentuate the impact of hitting the ground and perhaps hurt you worse. The leg holster is only really valid as a backup option and it’s not really great as a backup. The ankle holster is great concealment, but the draw is so problematic that it is almost useless.

Ankle Holster
Ankle Holster

When you select your gun, you will need a holster that works with it so it is important to know if the right holster is available for the gun you intend to carry. The gun and the holster are two parts of a single system which must work perfectly together. The equation is complex. The gun must be combat effective but not so huge as to be uncomfortable and impossible to conceal. The holster must fit the gun well, provide adequate concealment and yet ready accessibility in an emergency.

Del Fatti SLP/F Holster designed specifically for Women
Del Fatti SLP/F Holster designed specifically for Women

Women
Females face special difficulties with concealment holsters. The vast majority of holsters are designed for men. The problem is that men and women are built differently. The female torso tends to be an “hour glass” shape and shorter from hip to shoulder. The complaints most frequently heard from women are that their holster “rides way too high, and the grip of the gun is up around my armpit.” A holster designed around the male body will ride uncomfortably high on a woman. A woman’s curving hips tend to push the muzzle of the gun outward, causing the grip of the gun to jam into her ribs. A number of quality holster makers including Del Fatti, Kramer, Chris Cunningham, Blade Tech, Sunrise Leather, and many others build holsters specifically designed for women. For an excellent article on fitting a holster to the female shape, click here. The important learning here is that women have special needs in a holster and there are products out there which address these needs. Don’t let a clerk at the local gun store stick you with a holster that doesn’t work and digs into your ribs.

Galco paddle holster
Galco paddle holster

Belts
The best belt holster in the world won’t do you any good if your skirt doesn’t accommodate a belt. For folks who don’t wear belts or don’t wear belts which are wide enough and firm enough to support a holster and reload, paddle style holsters are a viable option. These holsters are much like belt holsters except that, instead of loops or slits for a belt, they have a “paddle” affixed to the back of them which slips inside your pants or skirt and holds the gun to your side.

If you do select a belt holster, plan on wearing a belt which is thick enough and wide enough to hold the holster firmly to your side. This usually means a belt of 1 1/8″ – 1 1/2″ in width, and thick enough to be strong. If your style of dress dictates half inch belts, the belt holster will move around too much.

This returns us to the issue of gun selection and lifestyle. The mode of dress must be able to accommodate the firearm. You can’t carry a Colt Anaconda in your pocket. If you really must dress in a particular style, the gun must be able to adapt that type of clothing. This is a terrible trade-off, but it’s better to have the Kel-Tec P32 in your pocket than to not have the Government Model .45 which you had to leave at home.

Fanny Pack Holster
Fanny Pack Holster

Bags, Packs and Purses
While there is certainly a role to play for these modes of carry, they all suffer from serious tactical problems. Most of these difficulties have to do with the difficulty of the draw and the issue of control of the weapon. Packs, planners, satchels and purses are a control nightmare. Carrying them all the time may look extremely unnatural and leaving them laying around unattended is very risky and dangerous. Access to the gun may be slow and awkward. Muggers will often grab a woman’s purse first, and if he succeeds, he not only gets your wallet but he is suddenly armed with your gun. For many, the fanny pack screams, “GUN,” but this often depends on the area where you are. In my area, lots of people use fanny packs that don’t carry guns, but usually when I see a male with a fanny pack, I look to see if he has a wallet in his hip pocket. Odds are good that if the wallet is in the pocket, a gun in in the pack. Also, getting the gun out of the pack and into action can be pretty slow.

Training
An additional advantage to strong-side belt holsters and IWB styles is that these holsters are the styles that are generally “legal” for IDPA and similar types of pistol matches. (Fanny packs, shoulder holster, small of the back, and cross-draw holsters are not allowed for any kind of match shooting I know of.) Participation in these kinds of matches provides valuable practice in drawing and firing the gun.

To return to a familiar refrain: practice, practice, practice. Drawing a .45 automatic from concealment, acquiring the target and placing two shots in the “A zone” is not a skill most of us are born with. It must be learned and practiced in order to perform it safely and effectively. The holster is a critical component of the system.

See also

  • Pistol Packin’ and Concealed Carry and the “Large” Auto Pistol By Jim Higginbotham.
  • Selecting a Gun for Concealed Carry

Articles on Concealed Carry

William B. Turner

  • Rank and organization: First Lieutenant, U.S. Army 105th Infantry, 27th Division.
  • Place and date: Near Ronssoy, France, 27 September 1918.
  • Entered service at: Garden City, N.Y.
  • Birth: Boston, Mass.
  • G.O. No.: 81, W.D., 1919.

Citation: He led a small group of men to the attack, under terrific artillery and machinegun fire, after they had become separated from the rest of the company in the darkness. Single-handed he rushed an enemy machinegun which had suddenly opened fire on his group and killed the crew with his pistol [M1911]. He then pressed forward to another machinegun post 25 yards away and had killed 1 gunner himself by the time the remainder of his detachment arrived and put the gun out of action. With the utmost bravery he continued to lead his men over 3 lines of hostile trenches, cleaning up each one as they advanced, regardless of the fact that he had been wounded 3 times, and killed several of the enemy in hand-to-hand encounters. After his pistol ammunition was exhausted, this gallant officer seized the rifle of a dead soldier, bayoneted several members of a machinegun crew, and shot the other. Upon reaching the fourth-line trench, which was his objective, 1st Lt. Turner captured it with the 9 men remaining in his group and resisted a hostile counterattack until he was finally surrounded and killed.

Congressional Medal of Honor Citations, U.S. Army Center of Military History
http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/moh1.htm

Combat Experience with the .45 ACP

Oft times, comments on this net are about GySgt. Carlos Hathcock’s sniping adventures in Vietnam. Here’s one that very few know about, but is probably just as good as far as accuracy during combat is concerned.

A Navy SEAL Team was returning from a mission over North Vietnam in a chopper when it got hit pretty bad. The pilot and one crew member were killed and the copilot was wounded. Going into autorotation, the copilot managed to set the chopper down in a clearing. After landing, a few rounds of enemy fire were starting to come in. Seems the M60s were also damaged beyond use by the crash landing and initial RPG hit, the only M16 fell out on the way down.

The only firearms left was M1911s.The remaining crew member was carrying a match conditioned M1911 and had a few boxes of ammo. As more enemy small arms fire started coming in, the copilot and crew member also noted that the VC were coming out of the jungle and approaching them; shooting as they came. The crew member took out his .45 and took careful aim as he shot at each attacking VC. About 30 minutes later it was all over. Between reloading magazines and radioing for rescue, the copilot was pretty busy, but a rescue chopper finally arrived on the scene.

As the rescue chopper came in and landed, its crew noticed a lot of dead VC laying around. The downed helo’s remaining crew were picked up and on their way out, they counted the dead VC; 37 in all. Their distances from the downed helo were from 3 to about 150 yards; all shot by the crew member with his M1911 .45 ACP. About 80 rounds were fired by Petty Officer R.J. Thomas, a member of the USN Rifle and Pistol Team.

Petty Officer Thomas was recommended for the Congressional Medal of Honor, but by the time the recommendation got all the way up through the chain of command, the recognition was reduced to the Navy Cross.

This incident has been cited this as the only known of example of top-level combat marksmanship since SGT Alvin York’s escapades in WWI.

Submitted by Mark Eberhard-CEO & President
LtCol. USMCR (Ret.)
American Marksman Group
(850) 626-9963
Visit: www.americanmarksman.com

Randall D. Shughart

  • Rank and organization: Sergeant First Class, U.S. Army.
  • Place and date: 3 October 1993, Mogadishu, Somalia.
  • Entered service at: —–
  • Born: Newville, Pennsylvania.

Citation: Sergeant First Class Shughart, United States Army, distinguished himself by actions above and beyond the call of duty on 3 October 1993, while serving as a Sniper Team Member, United States Army Special Operations Command with Task Force Ranger in Mogadishu, Somalia. Sergeant First Class Shughart provided precision sniper fires from the lead helicopter during an assault on a building and at two helicopter crash sites, while subjected to intense automatic weapons and rocket propelled grenade fires. While providing critical suppressive fires at the second crash site, Sergeant First Class Shughart and his team leader learned that ground forces were not immediately available to secure the site. Sergeant First Class Shughart and his team leader unhesitatingly volunteered to be inserted to protect the four critically wounded personnel, despite being well aware of the growing number of enemy personnel closing in on the site. After their third request to be inserted, Sergeant First Class Shughart and his team leader received permission to perform this volunteer mission. When debris and enemy ground fires at the site caused them to abort the first attempt, Sergeant First Class Shughart and his team leader were inserted one hundred meters south of the crash site. Equipped with only his sniper rifle and a [M1911] pistol, Sergeant First Class Shughart and his team leader, while under intense small arms fire from the enemy, fought their way through a dense maze of shanties and shacks to reach the critically injured crew members. Sergeant First Class Shughart pulled the pilot and the other crew members from the aircraft, establishing a perimeter which placed him and his fellow sniper in the most vulnerable position. Sergeant First Class Shughart used his long range rifle and side arm to kill an undetermined number of attackers while traveling the perimeter, protecting the downed crew. Sergeant First Class Shughart continued his protective fire until he depleted his ammunition and was fatally wounded. His actions saved the pilot’s life. Sergeant First Class Shughart’s extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty were in keeping with the highest standards of military service and reflect great credit upon him, his unit and the United States Army.

Congressional Medal of Honor Citations, U.S. Army Center of Military History
http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/moh1.htm

2nd Lt. Patrick Regan

  • Rank and organization: Second Lieutenant, U.S. Army, 115th Infantry, 29th Division.
  • Pace and date: Bois-de-Consenvoye, France, 8 October 1918.
  • Entered service at: Los Angeles, Calif.
  • Birth: Middleboro, Mass.
  • G.O. No.: 50, W.D., 1919.

Citation: While leading his platoon against a strong enemy machinegun nest which had held up the advance of 2 companies, 2d Lt. Regan divided his men into 3 groups, sending 1 group to either flank, and he himself attacking with an automatic rifle team from the front. Two of the team were killed outright, while 2d Lt. Regan and the third man were seriously wounded, the latter unable to advance. Although severely wounded, 2d Lt. Regan dashed with empty [M1911] pistol into the machinegun nest, capturing 30 Austrian gunners and 4 machineguns. This gallant deed permitted the companies to advance, avoiding a terrific enemy fire. Despite his wounds, he continued to lead his platoon forward until ordered to the rear by his commanding officer.

Congressional Medal of Honor Citations, U.S. Army Center of Military History
http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/moh1.htm

Harry Linn Martin

  • Rank and organization: First Lieutenant, U.S. Marine Corps Reserve.
  • Born: 4 January 1911, Bucyrus, Ohio. Appointed from. Ohio.

Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty as platoon leader attached to Company C, 5th Pioneer Battalion, 5th Marine Division, in action against enemy Japanese forces on Iwo Jima, Volcano Islands, 26 March 1945. With his sector of the 5th Pioneer Battalion bivouac area penetrated by a concentrated enemy attack launched a few minutes before dawn, 1st Lt. Martin instantly organized a firing line with the marines nearest his foxhole and succeeded in checking momentarily the headlong rush of the Japanese. Determined to rescue several of his men trapped in positions overrun by the enemy, he defied intense hostile fire to work his way through the Japanese to the surrounded marines. Although sustaining 2 severe wounds, he blasted the Japanese who attempted to intercept him, located his beleaguered men and directed them to their own lines. When 4 of the infiltrating enemy took possession of an abandoned machinegun pit and subjected his sector to a barrage of hand grenades, 1st Lt. Martin, alone and armed only with a pistol, boldly charged the hostile position and killed all of its occupants. Realizing that his few remaining comrades could not repulse another organized attack, he called to his men to follow and then charged into the midst of the strong enemy force, firing his weapon and scattering them until he fell, mortally wounded by a grenade. By his outstanding valor, indomitable fighting spirit and tenacious determination in the face of overwhelming odds, 1st Lt. Martin permanently disrupted a coordinated Japanese attack and prevented a greater loss of life in his own and adjacent platoons. His inspiring leadership and unswerving devotion to duty reflect the highest credit upon himself and the U.S. Naval Service. He gallantly gave his life in the service of his country.

Congressional Medal of Honor Citations, U.S. Army Center of Military History
http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/moh1.htm